Why Is Stand and Deliver an important Movie?

I think that stand and deliver is a good movie for all ages. Kids should be watching this movie, because it helps you notice to be greatful for the things you have today. Also that as long as you have someone that will be there, to help you, than you can succeed. Also that just because you are a drop out doesn't mean that you can't do better. Jaime Escalante did a great job while teaching this students to do well! I recomment this movie to other, i liked it! (:

Earth Science (Plate Tectonics)

Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") (Little, Fowler & Coulson 1990)^[1] is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. The theory builds on the older concepts of continental drift, developed during the first decades of the 20th century (one of the most famous advocates was Alfred Wegener), and was accepted by the majority of the geoscientific community when the concepts of seafloor spreading were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The lithosphere is broken up into what are called "tectonic plates". In the case of the Earth, there are currently seven to eight major (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere. These plates move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent, or collisional boundaries; divergent boundaries, also called spreading centers; and conservative transform boundaries. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates varies, though it is typically 0–100 mm annually (Read & Watson 1975)^[2].

NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE

 

The Northridge Earthquake occured on January 7, 1994, at 4:30pm. It had a strong magnitude of 6.7, the ground shaking was the highest ever recordered in the urban area in North America. There were at least 57 deaths, and there were over 8,700 injured because of this massive destruction. Causing an estimated $20 billion in damage, making it one of the most costliest natural destruction in U.S. History. With most of the damage in the San Fernando Valley. Most of the Apartments and the taller buildings were where the most of the jams were occurring during the earthquake. There was an outbreak of Valley Fever. A loss of transportation was lost, mostly Freeways because they were collapsed. Schools were closed down because of the damage of class rooms, not only did School Districts closed., some of the Universities as Well. Ex. (University of California, Los Angeles, Califronia State University, Northridge, & The University of Southern Califronia.) Alot of People and different things suffered fom this massive natural destruction. :/

Japan's Earthquake Tunami

Tsunami!

Earthquake!

Two weeks after a devastating eathquake and tsunami plunged Japan into its worst crisis since World War II, local refugee families are starting to see their lives restored to some semblance of a daily routine. As Reuters is reporting National food aid is flowing and even mobile banks are appearing in some of the northeast Japan's most devastated regions.
Still, specific figures surrounding the disaster are continuing to emerge which are simultaneously shocking and heartbreaking. The death toll topped 10,000 on Friday, with hopes for those who remain missing continuing to dwindle.
View a list of impacts of and responses to the devastating earthquake and tsunami below. Captions are courtesy of Reuters.

Hazardrous Earthquakes In California!

The California Geological Survey studies earthquakes to help Californians plan and build earthquake resistant communities. We record the strong ground motion from earthquakes, study the distribution of historic earthquakes and evaluate faults that are the source of earthquakes. We combine that information to prepare maps showing the potential for ground shaking, fault rupture, liquefaction and seismically induced landsliding. Earthquakes shaking hazards are calculated considering earthquake magnitudes and rates, the decrease in earthquake shaking with distance, and amplification of shaking by soils. The result is expressed as the level of ground shaking that on average occurs every 500 years. These calculations for California are part of a cooperative project between USGS and CGS, and are part of the National Seismic Hazard Maps. These estimates of seismic hazards can be used to estimate the effects of potential earthquakes as planning scenarios and the potential for statewide earthquake losses.



Seismic Waves



Seismic Waves are waves of energy that travel through the earth, for example as a result of an earthquake, explosion, or some other process that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low amplitude waves commonly referred to as ambient vibrations. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and geophysists. Seismic wavefields are measured by a seismograph, geophone, hydrophone, or accelorometer.

Batholith

Batholith is the Magma that is that the bottom of the Layers from the Volcanoes. It is just basically the magma, or the LAVA! It is a large emplacement of igneous intrusive rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the earth's crust. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite.

Strato Volcanoes Vs. Shield Volcanoes

VS.

A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano is a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from stratovolcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far due to high viscosity. The magma forming this lava is often felsic, having high-to-intermediate levels of silica(as in rhyolite, dacite, or andesite), with lesser amounts of less-viscous mafic magma. Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon, but have travelled as far as 15 km (9.3 mi).^[2]

Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called "composite volcanoes" because of their composite layered structure built up from sequential outpourings of eruptive materials. They are among the most common types of volcanoes, in contrast to the less common shield volcanoes. Two famous stratovolcanoes are Krakatoa, best known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883 and Vesuvius, famous for its destruction of the towns Pompeii and Herculaneum in AD79.

Gulf Currents

The clockwise flow that extends northward into the Gulf of Mexico and joins the Yucatan Current and the Florida Current is known as the Loop Current. Historically, average transport values for these three currents have been around 30 Sv (e.g. Morrison and Nowlin, 1977; Nowlin and McClellan, 1967; Schmitze and Richardson, 1968). Although recent measurements (Sheinbaum et al. 2002) contend that the mean transport is 24 Sv. Near-surface velocities approach 80 cm s^-1 in the Yucatan Current (Coats, 1992) and have been reported as high as 150 cm s^-1 (at 300 m) (Nowlin and McLellan, 1967). Additionally, the Yucatan and Florida current have been shown to be within 10% of each other's volume at any given time (Molinari and Morrison, 1988). Thus, variability in both the Loop and Yucatan currents would be expected to have a strong impact on the Florida Current as well. 

Gulf Currents,!!(:

The End....

Plate Tectonics

The progress of the earth sciences and the advancement of technologies associated with the understanding of our planet during the 1940's and 50's have led geologists to develop a new way of looking at the world and how it works. This exhibit explains the history of our new understanding of the Earth and provides a brief overview of the theories behind it.

Oceans

Forms Of Land Made, By

Lava,!(:



It is recommended that you wear comfortable socks and walking shoes or hiking boots.  Year-round the weather varies on the volcano, so be prepared for all climates, hot, damp, and cold.  Bring sunscreen and wear a hat.  We suggest bringing sweatshirts as well as a wind-breaker or raincoat or gore-tex jacket to layer on your clothes.  Although there are ample water fountains in the park, we suggest you bring water with you, especially if you will be hiking.  Don't forget your camera!  If you plan to view the lava flows after dusk, remember to bring one flashlight per person

The Water Cycle

Earth's water is always in movement, and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go in a hurry. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the water cycle, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions of years.!(:

Global Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 20th century.^[2][A] Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation.^[3] Global dimming, a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface, has partially countered the effects of warming induced by greenhouse gases.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.^[2] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts.^[4] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers,permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity ofextreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is uncertain.^[5] As a result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the oceans have become more acidic, a result that is predicted to continue.^[6][7]

The scientific consensus is that anthropogenic global warming is occurring.^{[8][9][10][B]}Nevertheless, political and public debate continues. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a "dangerous anthropogenic interference".^[11] As of November 2009, 187 states had signed and ratified the protocol.^[12]

Properties of Ocean Water

Properties of Ocean Water,(:

Temperature		Earth receives its warmth from the sun. Because the world rotates on an angle to its path around the sun, radiation is spread more evenly and seasons are experienced worldwide. Read what underwater photographers need to know about light in the sea and other physical properties.
Chemical properties		Sea water consists of salt and other minerals. They are important for life.  Visit the page with sea water properties, including dissolved gases.(4p)
Physical properties		The ocean's physical properties like temperature, salinity and density are crucial to the ways in which the ocean water moves.
Productivity		The ocean's reservoir in resources seems inexhaustible, but is it? This chapter looks at the ocean's capacity to feed humans and to recycle their wastes.
soil		Also visit our large section about soil, its properties, geology and fertility and how we are losing it, perhaps the world's foremost problem! Read how the sea suffers and degrades, and read about our revolutionary discoveries about sick seas.

go back to the oceanography contents index.

Carbon Cycle

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among thebiosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. It is one of the most important cycles of the earth and allows for carbon to be recycled and reused throughout the biosphere and all of its organisms.^{[citation needed]}

The carbon cycle was initially discovered by Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier, and popularized by Humphry Davy.^[1] It is now usually thought of as including the following major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange:

• The atmosphere
• The terrestrial biosphere, which is usually defined to include fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon.
• The oceans, including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota,
• The sediments including fossil fuels.
• The Earth's interior, carbon from the Earth's mantle and crust is released to the atmosphere and hydrosphere by volcanoes and geothermal systems.

The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth, but the deep ocean part of this pool does not rapidly exchange with the atmosphere in the absence of an external influence, such as a black smoker or an uncontrolled deep-water oil well leak.

The global carbon budget is the balance of the exchanges (incomes and losses) of carbon between the carbon reservoirs or between one specific loop (e.g., atmosphere ↔ biosphere) of the carbon cycle. An examination of the carbon budget of a pool or reservoir can provide information about whether the pool or reservoir is functioning as a source or sink for carbon dioxide.

Video: http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Carbon-Cycle-117566979

Temperature Inversion

A temperature inversion is a thin layer of the atmosphere where the decrease in temperature with height is much less than normal (or in extreme cases, the temperature increases with height). An inversion, also called a "stable" air layer, acts like a lid, keeping normal convective overturning of the atmosphere from penetrating through the inversion. This can cause several weather-related effects. One is the trapping of pollutants below the inversion, allowing them to build up. If the sky is very hazy, or is sunsets are very red, there is likely an inversion somewhere in the lower atmosphere. This happens more frequently in high pressure zones, where the gradual sinking of air in the high pressure dome typically causes an inversion to form at the base of a sinking layer of air. Another effect is making clouds spread out and take on a flattened appearance. Still another effect is to prevent thunderstorms from forming. Even in an air mass that is hot and humid in the lowest layers, thunderstorms will be prevented if an inversion is keeping this air from rising. The opposite of a temperature inversion is anunstable air layer.

Spiral Galaxie

A spiral galaxy is a certain kind of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 workThe Realm of the Nebulae^[1] and, as such, forms part of the Hubble sequence. Spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside inglobular clusters.


Video: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa/13490-ask-an-astronomer-spiral-galaxies-video.htm